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The Red Sea crisis has shifted attention for Russia, India, and South Asia to the potential of the Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC) – a proposed trade route for shipping coking coal, crude oil, LNG, fertilizers, and goods containers. This new trade route could revolutionize Russian-Asian trade.
India’s oil imports reached unprecedented levels in January 2024, with inbound shipments of 5.33 mb/d, a significant jump from 4.65 million bpd in December 2023. The trajectory of India’s oil demand growth reflects the shifting contours of the global energy landscape.
Russia’s role in India’s oil imports remains significant – contributing over 35% of total crude imports in 2023, amounting to 1.7 million bpd, according to S&P Global. Russia has maintained its position as India’s top supplier, despite a notable decline in oil imports from Russia for the second consecutive month in January 2024 amidst the backdrop of sanctions. According to LSEG data, imports from Russia decreased by 4.2% to 1.3 mb/d, while Vortexa’s data showed a more significant decline of 9% to 1.2 mb/d. The drop particularly impacted the supply of the light sweet Sokol grade.
The increased appeal of Russian crude to Indian refiners, despite tightening sanctions, is compounded by escalating tanker premiums due to the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea region. The crisis has disrupted global shipping and supply chains, impacting commodities and crude oil prices. The Suez Canal is one of the most vital links for international shipping – based on data from Kpler, it typically handles 10-12% of worldwide crude exports and 14-15% of oil product exports, including gasoline and diesel, which transit through the Red Sea. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, (UNCTAD) reports that the most significant impact has been observed in liquefied natural gas carriers, which have ceased operations entirely since January 16, 2024.
This highlights the need for resilient trade mechanisms to navigate unforeseen crises, shaping the future of trade relations. India, heavily reliant on the Suez Canal for trade with Europe, West Asia, and Africa, faces significant repercussions from the Red Sea crisis, given that approximately 60% of its crude oil imports come from the Middle East.
This crisis has not only heightened India’s energy and security concerns but has also escalated transportation costs and time. It is estimated that the closure of the Suez Canal inflicts daily losses of around US$200 million on India’s trade.
Additionally, the conflict has driven up shipping expenses by 40-60%, leading to a substantial surge in rates for transporting 20-ft containers to Europe and the US, now priced at an average of US$2,000, up from US$500 prior to the crisis. Similarly, freight rates for shipping containers to Saudi Arabia have doubled, climbing from US$700 to US$1,500.
The Red Sea’s problems have shifted attention to the Eastern Maritime Corridor (EMC), connecting Russia’s Far Eastern Vladivostok Port with India’s Chennai Port. En route, this passes through (Russia to India) the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, the South China Sea, the Malacca Straits, the Andaman Sea, and the Bay of Bengal. The route includes ports options if needed such as Dalian, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Ho Chi Minh City, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Dhaka, Colombo, and Chennai. Given this is the trading heart of Asia, the EMC offers plenty of other opportunities too.
Interestingly, the EMC was used by the two countries during Soviet era, but as trade volumes decreased post 1990s, the route became dormant. Today, the EMC is becoming of serious interest for the future development of Russia-India and overall Russia-South Asia trade ties.
At present, Russian vessels and shipments going through the Suez Canal route are not the primary focus of the Houthi attacks. Nonetheless, the diversion of ships away from the Suez Canal and Red Sea, opting instead for longer routes around the southern tip of Africa, has resulted in extended voyages. Consequently, this redirection has led to a scarcity of vessels and an increase in freight rates.
This means that the EMC has several advantages over the existing routes for India-Russia trade (apart from Red Sea route, these include the Cape of Good Hope route and the North Sea route). The EMC offers a significant reduction in both cargo transit time between India and the Russian Far East of up to 16 days, and in distance by up to 40%, promising substantial efficiency gains in transportation.
Currently, the route from Mumbai to of St. Petersburg, Russia, via the Western Sea Route and Suez Canal spans 8,675 nautical miles or 16,066 km. In contrast, the distance from Chennai to Vladivostok via the EMC is significantly shorter, at only 5,647 nautical miles, or 10,458 km. This translates to substantial savings of 5,608 km in distance, providing significant reductions in logistical costs and enhancing the efficiency of cargo transportation between Russia, India, and Asia.
The EMC is not only a trade route, but also a strategic corridor that can enhance cooperation between India and Russia in the energy sector, as well as in other areas such as the Arctic and the Northern Sea Route (NSR).
The Arctic region is a key area for Russia’s economy, holding about 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil and 30% of its undiscovered gas. India has shown significant interest in investing in Arctic projects and using the NSR, which is a shorter and cheaper path to Europe and North America than the Suez Canal route.
As for investments, India has been actively involved in the Arctic region for years. For instance, in the first seven months of 2023, India accounted for 35% of the eight million tons of cargo handled by Murmansk port, which is about 2,000 km north of Moscow.
India and Russia have already taken some steps to operationalize the EMC. In September 2019, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin launched the Chennai-Vladivostok Maritime Corridor during the Far Eastern Economic Forum in Vladivostok.
The EMC is a game-changer for Russia and Indian trade, as it offers a new and viable route for their energy and economic cooperation, amid the Red Sea turmoil. It can also boost the strategic partnership and mutual interests of the two countries, as they seek to diversify their markets and sources, and to counter the challenges posed by the sanctions and the crisis. It can also revolutionize Russia’s total Asia trade and provide stable supply chains for all regional participants.
